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IGF1 can induce the expression and accumulation of BNIP3 in mitochondria through a PI3K-dependent manner, indicating that IGF1 promotes mitophagy in vitro (Lyons et al., 2017)

Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1) have yielded positive results in clinical practice (42)

2-Hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE 2 ) can experience three metabolic fates: methylation to yield 2-meOHE 2 , oxidation to form quinones, or dehydrogenation to yield 2-OHE 1

Glutamate transporters are necessary for clearing excess glutamate from the synaptic cleft to prevent excitotoxicity (Martinez-Lozada et al., 2016