Introduction Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is referred as a transient decline of renal function, which confers the severe clinical syndrome associated with high mortality ( It is well-known that AKI can arise in various pathological conditions, such as drugs, toxicants, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), obstruction, or sepsis, resulting in acute tubular necrosis ( Ferroptosis is a recently described form of programmed cell death caused by uncontrolled iron dependent lipid peroxidation that distinguishes it from traditional modalities of regulated cell death including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy ( 2+ to the ferric form (Fe 3+ ) that sequesters free iron ( Additionally, the accumulation of lipid ROS is triggered when the endogenous antioxidant status is compromised
The chemical structures of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins
In addition, it has been reported that high-dose creatine supplementation may reduce its absorption by down-regulating its transporter [13]
ROS can also damage oligodendrocytes, leading to myelin loss, which is crucial for proper neuronal communication ( 2.6.2 Clinical studies These mechanisms are involved in MetS as well
