As the vaping process eliminates combustion from smoking, it avoids the production of nasty chemicals like tar and carbon monoxide that are known to be harmful when inhaled
In step 3, following the GRADE approach 192,193 , we quantified risk of bias across six domains, namely, representativeness of the study population, exposure, outcome, reverse causation, control for confounding and selection bias
However, the specific mechanisms remain unclear, future research should further explore the reasons for age differences to validate and refine our findings
Given our particular interest in the states of Michigan, New Jersey and California, additional discussion of the results in regards to these three states is warranted