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Key Points Studies suggest that a threshold of approximately 5 alcoholic drinks per day must be exceeded before the risk of chronic pancreatitis in individuals who drink alcohol exceeds that of the nondrinking population Only a minority of patients with pancreatitis have a significant history of alcohol consumption, suggesting that most patients have a complex genetic disorder that is similar to other chronic inflammatory diseases Smoking is a dose-dependent risk factor for pancreatitis, and its effects are additive or multiplicative when combined with alcohol Chronic alcohol use at high daily doses (that is, 5 drinks daily) increases susceptibility to, and severity of, acute pancreatitis and accelerates the progression of chronic pancreatitis Aggressive counseling leading to reduced alcohol consumption may reduce the likelihood of recurrent acute pancreatitis Smoking cessation may slow the progression of chronic pancreatitis This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 176,64 per year only 14,72 per issue Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF

only patients in the preparation stage have reached that point