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Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health, uncertain directionality (i.e., pre-existing respiratory conditions were not always ruled out), confounding by other combustible tobacco use, and small sample sizes

For the follow-up study on total As in PG/VG blanks, ICP-MS instrumentation and methods were the same as used in the primary analyses with one notable difference due to laboratory capabilities: for matrix-matching, rather than carbon dioxide option gas, a high sample dilution (40 fold) and matrix-matched external calibration using a PG/VG (30/70, 40 fold dilution) were employed

Regulations surrounding e-cigarettes vary by country and region, and ongoing research continues to investigate the long-term health effects and safety of these devices

doi:10.1001/jama.284.18.2348