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One limitation of the study is that the survey focused only on the general question of whether nicotine might be harmful for children under 13 years old, the authors note

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Despite contradictory studies over the last decade, fertility researchers have come to the consensus that smoke from cigarettes can not only affect ovaries in women but that the intake of nicotine can fragment the DNA of sperm to such an extent as to cause recurrent miscarriages..According to Dr Aviva Pinto Rodrigues, a fertility specialist at the Nova IVI fertility centre in Bengaluru, nicotine intake increases a phenomenon called reactive oxygen species, whose levels can greatly increase and damage the sperm DNA..The more people smoke, the greater the damage and in that scenario what we see is a damaged sperm still fertilizing the egg, resulting in the high-risk of a premature pregnancy or an abortion, she said..Although Dr Vishal Rao of the States High Power Committee on Tobacco Control specified that while the connection between cigarette smoking and damage to ovaries has been well-known for a decade, physicians were less clear about the recurrent miscarriages which affect 1% of couples, half of which showed no clear pathology..Researches have now established that nearly half of all cases of infertility may be associated with a malefactor

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