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The liquid chemical mixture (also known as e-liquids or vape juices) contains nicotine (a highly addictive substance found in other tobacco products), propylene glycol (a food additive but known irritant when inhaled) and many other harmful chemicals also found in conventional cigarettes

Medicolegal.tripod.com

The research was conducted between 2012 and 2019 among Norwegians aged 16-79, reporting pre-registered analyses of the potential impact on daily smoking and snus use among men and women

For instance, vaping might result in lower nicotine levels compared to smoking cigarettes, but smokeless tobacco can lead to higher levels of cotinine