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Different studies have shown that cigarette smoke causes a reduction in cell viability and induction of apoptosis in respiratory hair cells20, opposite mitogenic effects or pro-apoptotic depending on the cigarette smoke concentration21 or even an impairment on epithelial regeneration upon injury.22 Animal studies have shown that chronic and intermittent exposure to cigarette smoke cause morphological alterations to the epithelium of the entire respiratory tract, from hyperplasia in lower concentrations, all the way to loss of cilia and metaplasia with keratinization in higher concentrations, and also submucosal thickening and inflammation with neutrofilic and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltrate.23 Also, Hamm et al.24 showed that the cigarette-induced respiratory mucosa inflammatory reaction persists even after seven months of recovery

Our focus is on reaching more than 34,000 retailers with tobacco licenses and vape shops to provide them the information and resources needed to comply with the new tobacco 21 law. CDPH developed a series of educational materials to help clerks check identification, which are available online at www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/Pages/Tobacco21.aspx

Pericyte-endothelial interactions in the retinal microvasculature