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Every year in the U.S., cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths (a number greater than the population of Oakland, California), including more than 41,000 deaths resulting from secondhand smoke exposure

Smoking can aggravate or initiate: Chilblains Frostbite Primary or secondary vasospastic disease (Raynaud phenomenon) Ulceration, in patients with systemic sclerosis Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease), in which blood clots occur in small blood vessels Cholesterol emboli associated with atherosclerosis Thrombosis caused by thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome or drugs including oral contraceptives

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Over months and years, lung function can improve significantly, though long-term heavy smokers may retain some permanent damage