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In contrast, other studies found acute microvascular endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and arterial stiffness in smokers after exposure to e-cigarettes with nicotine, but not after e-cigarettes without nicotine (reviewed in [20])

The social smokers will frequently respond negatively to that question because they don't think of themselves in those terms and, thus, a significant health threat goes undetected

Simple tobacco use, where dependence criteria are not met, maps to Z72.0 instead

The role of anxiety sensitivity and fatigue severity in predicting E-cigarette dependence, barriers to cessation, and cravings among Young adults